Pound Nets Come to the Albemarle
By Jim Gay-Lord
Commercial fishing in the
western Albemarle Sound and the Chowan River began around1765. At
that time and up until the middle of the 19th century, all
commercial fishing was done with seines. These seine nets were
hand-tied with cotton twine and then dipped in hot melted tar to
protect them from the elements. The nets used in the sound would run
from one-and-a-half to two miles long and have a maximum depth of 18
feet. The river seines were much shorter.
The setting of these huge nets was called "shooting the seine;” they
would be loaded on two flat-boats, each manned by eight oarsmen who
would row them from the shore to a fixed point in the channel. Once
the net was set they would then bring ashore the long, large rope
attached to the end of the seine which would be wrapped around an
animal powered windlass so that the net could be gradually moved
through the water to the shore where the waiting crew would land the
fish.
To operate a sound-seine-fishery some 50 men and 20 women, fish
cutters and cooks, along with 15 mules or horses which were used to
land the seine. The fishing season lasted six weeks on the river,
the first of April to the 10th of May, and nine weeks on the sound,
the 10th of March to the 15th of May. Once the fishing began, the
crew worked around the clock stopping only for the Sabbath or for
serious storms. Eating and sleeping was done during the
one-and-a-half to two-hour period required to land the seine. Each
member of the crew had a specific job and when that job was done he
was free until the next haul came ashore. When the fish were running
heavy there was very little free time for anyone.
During the antebellum period the seine fishery crews were made up of
free blacks, the only white member of the group would be the captain
or manager. Slaves wanted very much to work at the fisheries, but
were not allowed to because of the serious threat this type of work
posed to their health.
Seine fishing was hard work much exposure to the elements. The fish
cutters worked under a shelter and had some protection from the
weather, whereas the seine handlers worked in the water up to their
waist for hours at the time without boots or protective clothing.
Rations at the fisheries consisted primarily of fish, corn bread and
molasses, and was washed down with black, unsweetened yaupon tea.
Yaupon tea was made from the leaves of a local shrub whose only
similarity to the Asian tea we know was that they both contained
caffeine. Once or twice a week the crew would be served flour bread
and meat. Wages for this round-the-clock work ranged from $1 to$1.35
per day, plus board, for seine hands and $2 to $2.50 a day, plus
board, for seine menders. The people who worked at this profession
did it because they loved it.
Now that we understand the severity of the working conditions at
these fisheries we can also understand why whiskey played such a
vital role in their operation. Owners of these seines have stated,
in no uncertain term, that they could sooner operate without cooks
or food than they could without whiskey. One hundred proof corn
whiskey, at this time in history, sold for 10 cents per quart.
The men exposed to the elements, the seine haulers, were given the
most gracious rations. They received three gills every haul (a gill
is a liquid measurement of four ounces or one-quarter pint); one
when they started to shoot the seine, one when they came ashore, and
one when the staff (the pole fastened to the end of the seine) came
in. From three to six hauls would be made in an 24-hour period; this
means that, on the average, seine haulers were consuming 48 ounces
of whiskey per day, or two ounces per hour. If the catch was large
and the hours long the women would come in for a nip, two ounces or
one-half gill. After the war, boots and protective clothing were
made available to the workers and whiskey consumption dropped by
half.
By the middle of the 19th century, there were 28 huge seine
fisheries operating in the Western Albemarle and Chowan River. The
capital required to establish a seine fishery, from $8,000 to
$15,000 gave a few affluent families, probably 15 or 20 a virtual
monopoly of this particular industry.
Albemarle
At the height of the
fishing season, which usually came around the middle of April,
these huge seines would land more than 100,000 herring, hundreds
and hundreds of shad, rockfish and perch, all in a single haul.
The average catch for horse powered seines was 1,500,000
herring.
When the fish were plentiful they would sell for $2.50 per 1,000
and people would travel great distances to secure their annual
supply of this much prized delicacy. The average family would
purchase 1000 fish per family member; herring was a daily staple
in their diet. With corn at 40 cents per bushel and herring
one-quarter cent each, there were many people in this area
living on one dollar per month; of course they were eating
herring and cornbread three times a day and washing it down with
black, unsweetened yaupon tea.
The monopoly of the commercial fishing industry by the affluent
few would have continued had it not been for the arrival in 1869
of a German immigrant by the name of John P. Hettrick. Mr.
Hettrick brought with him a fishing device known today as the
"Pound Net". This simple, but very effective net broke the
stranglehold of the seine monopoly by making small-scale fishing
operations possible. This also marked the beginning of the
movement of the fisheries from the sound to the river. The pound
net had several advantages over the huge power seine. It
requires a much smaller amount of labor and at the same time can
regulate the size of the labor force according to the size of
the catch. Power seines had to maintain their 70-hand force
regardless of the fish run. Whereas power-seines could be landed
only on certain cleared beaches, a pound netter could land his
fish anywhere he could get ashore. The small amount of capital
required to get into pound net fishing was also very important.
Whereas a power seine fishery required an outlay of many
thousands of dollars, a pound net could be built and set for
$300 or less.
As you might expect, the power seine owners were quick to see
the threat that pound nets posed to their tightly controlled
industry; they fought this "new contraption," and even tried to
have it outlawed, all to no avail. Because of the great
advantage of the pound net over the seine, within just a few
years the number of pound net settings had grown at such a rate
that the seine owners noticed a definite decline in their catch.
In 1880, along the banks of the Western Albemarle Sound and the
Chowan River, you would find a power seine in operation every
few miles. In between there were hand seines, pound nets, and a
few gill nets fished for shad. In a brief 22 years the average
catch of the power seines had been cut in half. To give you some
idea of just how extensive the pound net fishery was, in 1914
there were licensed in Chowan County 999 nets; 633 were set in
the river and 366 in the sound. After 1907 the only power seine
still in operation were to be found on the Roanoke River. The
last of these, which was operated in Jamesville, came to an end
in the 1960s. Today little is left to remind us of the once
great commercial fishing industry which was such a vital part of
the history of the "South Shore."
The river herring which contributed so much to the sustenance of
our ancestors is still enjoyed today with its consumption being
limited mostly to a few weeks in spring. Corned herring, once to
much a part of the diet of those who came before us, is now
eaten only on occasion and then by only a small part of our
population.
Those of us who live on the shores of the Albemarle Sound and
its tributaries owe a great deal to the herring and the
contribution it has made to the growth and development of this
region. This strange little fish comes to our waters in the
early spring driven by the irrepressible urge to reproduce. Then
the water reaches a certain temperature it will spawn; two to
three days after being fertilized by the male these tiny eggs
hatch. At this stage the herring is little more that eyeballs
and will slowly grow, during a seven-month period, to a length
of three inches. It is now ready to leave our waters and enter
the Atlantic Ocean, where by the millions, they will begin their
long trek north to Nova Scotia and the Bay of Fundy. Once there
they will remain until reaching sexual maturity, a period
requiring three to five years, before repeating the endless
cycle which guarantees their survival.